Introduction
Copying files from one directory to another is a common task on Unix-like operating systems. While the cp
command is versatile, it lacks built-in functionality for excluding specific directories during a copy operation. This tutorial explores several methods to achieve this goal using alternative tools and shell scripting techniques.
Using rsync
to Exclude Directories
One of the most efficient ways to exclude specific directories while copying files is by using the rsync
command. rsync
not only copies files but also offers powerful options for including or excluding files and directories based on patterns.
Basic Usage
To copy all contents from a source directory to a destination, while excluding certain subdirectories:
rsync -av --progress /path/to/source/ /path/to/destination/ --exclude=/path/to/source/excluded_directory/
-a
: Archive mode; it preserves permissions and timestamps.-v
: Verbose output to show the progress of copying.--progress
: Shows the progress during transfer.--exclude
: Specifies directories or files to exclude. Multiple exclusions can be specified.
Dry Run with rsync
Before performing an actual copy, you might want to preview which files will be copied:
rsync -avn --progress /path/to/source/ /path/to/destination/ --exclude=/path/to/source/excluded_directory/
Adding -n
enables a dry run that lists the actions without making any changes.
Using Shell Globbing with cp
For environments where installing additional utilities like rsync
is not feasible, shell globbing can be leveraged to exclude directories during copying.
Bash Extended Globbing
Bash supports extended pattern matching that allows for excluding patterns using negation. First, enable the feature:
shopt -s extglob
To copy files while excluding a specific subdirectory:
cp -r /path/to/source/!(excluded_directory/) /path/to/destination/
In this command:
!(pattern)
excludes files and directories matching the pattern.
Zsh Globbing
Zsh offers similar capabilities with slightly different syntax:
-
Enable extended globbing:
setopt EXTENDED_GLOB
-
Copy while excluding a directory:
cp -r /path/to/source/*(/(excluded_directory/)) /path/to/destination/
This syntax uses /(pattern)
to exclude directories.
Using find
and cp
Together
The find
command can be used in conjunction with cp
to exclude specific directories:
find /path/to/source/ -type f -not -path '*/excluded_directory/*' -exec cp {} /path/to/destination/ \;
-type f
: Selects only files.-not -path '*/excluded_directory/*'
: Excludes paths matching the specified pattern.
Bonus Tip: cp
with Wildcards
For simpler scenarios, you can use wildcard expansion directly in the shell:
shopt -s extglob
cp -r /path/to/source/!(excluded_directory/) /path/to/destination/
Ensure that extended globbing is enabled to handle these patterns correctly.
Conclusion
While cp
itself does not support directory exclusion, combining it with other utilities like rsync
, shell globbing features in Bash and Zsh, or the find
command provides flexible and powerful alternatives. Each method has its use cases depending on your environment and specific needs. Understanding these techniques enhances your ability to manage file operations efficiently on Unix-like systems.